Adenosine is a ubiquitous and BBB-permeable endogenous autacoid, acting through four G protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). It influences nearly all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation. As an extracellular signaling molecule derived from 5'-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), it plays a critical role in cellular processes.
- Influences neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
- Acts via G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3.
- Inhibits cell viability and triggers ER stress in HepG2 cells at high concentrations.
- Induces apoptosis and autophagy in HepG2 cells via the AMPK/mTOR pathway.